Mali is a large, landlocked country in West Africa, bordered by seven nations, including Algeria, Niger, and Burkina Faso. The Sahara Desert covers the north, while the south is more fertile, with the Niger River supporting agriculture. The population (over 20 million) is diverse, with major ethnic groups like the Bambara, Fulani, Songhai, and Tuareg.
History:
Mali was once home to the powerful Mali Empire (13th–16th centuries), renowned for its wealth under Mansa Musa. Later, it became part of French West Africa until gaining independence in 1960. Since then, Mali has experienced political instability, including coups, rebellions, and Islamist insurgencies.
Politics & Conflict:
Mali has faced ongoing turmoil, including a Tuareg rebellion (2012), a jihadist insurgency, and multiple military coups (2020, 2021). A military junta now rules, distancing from France and aligning with Russia’s Wagner Group for security support.
Economy:
One of the world’s poorest nations, Mali relies on gold mining (Africa’s third-largest producer) and agriculture (cotton, livestock). Poverty, climate change, and conflict hinder development.
Culture:
Mali has a rich cultural heritage, famous for its music (Ali Farka Touré, Salif Keïta, Tinariwen), ancient cities like Timbuktu (a UNESCO site with historic manuscripts), and traditional festivals. Islam is the dominant religion, but ethnic traditions remain strong.
Challenges:
Mali struggles with terrorism, political instability, poverty, and food insecurity. The withdrawal of UN peacekeepers (2023–2024) raises concerns about worsening security.
Despite its difficulties, Mali remains a key player in West Africa with a deep historical and cultural legacy.
