The Ijaw (also spelled Ijo) are one of Nigeria’s oldest and largest ethnic groups, primarily inhabiting the Niger Delta region across Bayelsa, Delta, Rivers, and Ondo states, with a population of over 15 million. Known for their riverine lifestyle, vibrant cultural festivals, and historical resistance to oppression, the Ijaw are the dominant inhabitants of Nigeria’s oil-rich delta.

Key Features of the Ijaw People

Riverine Livelihood The Ijaw are traditionally fishermen, canoe builders, and traders, relying on the Niger Delta’s waterways for sustenance and commerce. Their expertise in boat navigation and salt production made them key players in pre-colonial trade networks.

Cultural Identity Ijaw culture is deeply tied to water, with canoe regattas, fishing festivals, and masquerades like the Owugiri and Ekine Sekiapu celebrating their heritage. Their traditional attire, featuring colorful beads and woven fabrics, reflects their artistic flair.

Social Structure Ijaw society is organized into clans and city-states (ibe), with leadership historically vested in chiefs (Pere) and priest-kings (Amayanabo). Secret societies like Egbesu (a warrior cult) and Orukoru (a spiritual guild) play vital roles in governance and justice.

Spiritual Beliefs While many Ijaw now practice Christianity, traditional worship of water spirits (Owuamapu), ancestors, and deities like Egbesu (god of justice) persists. Sacred groves and annual festivals like Ogori-Ba honor these spiritual connections.

Modern Struggles The Ijaw have been at the forefront of Niger Delta activism, fighting against environmental degradation from oil exploration. Groups like the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) demand resource control and equity. Despite challenges, the Ijaw dominate Nigeria’s oil industry, music (e.g., Timaya), and literature.

The Ijaw’s resilience, cultural richness, and fight for justice cement their role as guardians of the Niger Delta.