The Songhai are a West African ethnic group primarily found in Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Nigeria, with a population of over 5 million. Known for their historic empire, Islamic scholarship, and river-based trade, the Songhai have left a lasting legacy in the Sahel region.

Key Features of the Songhai People

Historical Empire The Songhai established one of Africa’s greatest pre-colonial states, the Songhai Empire (15th–16th centuries), centered in Gao and stretching across the Niger River. Under rulers like Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad, it became a hub of trade, learning, and Islamic culture, with the famed Sankore University in Timbuktu attracting scholars worldwide.

Economic Life Traditionally farmers, fishermen, and traders, the Songhai cultivated millet, sorghum, and rice along the Niger River. Their trans-Saharan trade networks exchanged gold, salt, and slaves, linking North Africa to sub-Saharan regions.

Language and Identity The Songhai language (also called Sonrhai or Djerma) is a Nilo-Saharan tongue with several dialects. Oral traditions, including epic poetry and griot storytelling, preserve their history and values.

Religion Most Songhai are Sunni Muslims, blending Islam with pre-Islamic animist rituals, such as spirit possession ceremonies and ancestor veneration. Marabouts (Islamic clerics) play key roles in spiritual and community life.

Cultural Practices Songhai culture features festivals like the Cure Salée (Salt Cure), celebrating nomadic traditions, and music like the griot-led ngoni lute performances. Their indigo-dyed robes and silver jewelry reflect artisanal skill.

Modern Challenges The Songhai face climate change, poverty, and political instability, but their diaspora sustains cultural ties. Many remain farmers and traders, while urban Songhai excel in education and politics.

The Songhai people’s imperial legacy, scholarly traditions, and adaptability continue to influence West Africa.