The Tutsi are a Bantu-speaking ethnic group primarily inhabiting Rwanda, Burundi, and the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, with a population of around 2–3 million. Known for their historical monarchy, cattle-herding traditions, and complex social dynamics, the Tutsi have played a pivotal role in the Great Lakes region’s history.

Key Features of the Tutsi People

Historical Kingdom The Tutsi established the Kingdom of Rwanda (15th–20th centuries), a highly centralized state ruled by the mwami (king) and a feudal hierarchy. Their society was organized around patron-client ties (ubuhake), with Tutsi nobility overseeing Hutu farmers and Twa hunter-gatherers.

Pastoralist Heritage Traditionally, the Tutsi were cattle herders, valuing livestock as symbols of wealth and social status. Their semi-nomadic lifestyle distinguished them from the agriculturalist Hutu, though intermarriage and cultural overlap blurred these lines over time.

Colonial and Post-Colonial Struggles Belgian colonizers racialized Tutsi-Hutu differences through identity cards, exacerbating tensions. The 1994 Rwandan genocide targeted Tutsi, killing 800,000, but post-genocide Rwanda has since abolished ethnic distinctions in official policy.

Cultural Practices Tutsi culture emphasizes poetry, dance (notably the graceful intore), and drumming. Their long-horned cattle (Inyambo) are celebrated in rituals, and traditional attire includes colorful wraps (umushanana) for women.

Modern Identity Today, many Tutsi live in diaspora communities, while Rwanda promotes national unity over ethnic divisions. The Tutsi-led RPF government has driven Rwanda’s post-genocide recovery, though debates about justice and memory persist.

The Tutsi people’s historical legacy, resilience, and cultural contributions remain integral to the Great Lakes region, even as they navigate the scars of conflict.